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MUNDO VASTO MUNDO - KARAKORUM - MONGÓLIA

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KARAKORUM - MONGÓLIA






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Karakorum
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Karakorum, ruined city, Mongolia

Karakorum (kä'rəkō`rəm), ruined city, central Republic of
 Mongolia, near the Orkhon River, SW of Ulaanbaatar. 
The area around Karakorum had been inhabited by nomadic 
Turkic tribes from the 1st cent. A.D., but the city itself was not laid
 out until c.1220, when Jenghiz Khan, founder of the Mongol empire, 

established his residence there. As capital of the Mongols
, Karakorum was visited (c.1247) by a papal mission under Giovanni 
 Carpini. The city was abandoned (and later destroyed) after Kublai Khan, 
grandson of Jenghiz, transferred (1267) the Mongol capital to Khanbaliq 
(modern Beijing). The noted Lamaist monastery of Erdeni Dzu was built nea
r Karakorum in 1586. The ruins of the ancient Mongol city were discovered in
 1889 by N. M. Yadrinstev, a Russian explorer, who also uncovered the Orkhon
 Inscriptions (see Orkhon
). Karakorum is also the name of a nearby site, which in 
the 8th and 9th cent
 was the capital of the Uigurs
.

Karakorum, mountain range, Kashmir

Karakorum or Karakoram, mountain range, extending c.
300 mi (480 km), between the Indus and Yarkant rivers,
N Kashmir, S central Asia; SE extension of the Hindu Kush
. It covers disputed territory, held by China on the north, India
on the east, and Pakistan on the west. Karakorum's main range ha
s some of the world's highest peaks, including K2
 (Mt. Godwin-Austen; 28,250 ft/8,611 m), the second highest
 peak in the world. Karakorum also has several of the world's largest
 glaciers. Its southern slopes are the watershed for many tributaries of
the Indus River. The mountains, the greatest barrier between India and
central Asia, are crossed above the perpetual snow line by two natural routes.
 Karakorum Pass (alt. 18,290 ft/5,575 m), the chief pass, is on the main
Kashmir-China route. Another important pass, Khunjerab (Kunjirap) Pass
(alt. 15,420 ft/4,700 m), is on the Pakistan-China route (see Hunza
).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia® Copyright © 2007, Columbia
 University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/
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Karakorum

Ancient capital, Mongol empire. Its ruins lie on the upper Orhon River
in north-central Mongolia. It was settled c. 750. Genghis Khan established his
headquarters there in 1220. In 1235 his son and successor, Ögödei, enclosed the
city with walls and built a palace. Chinese forces invaded Mongolia and destroyed
 Karakorum in 1388. It was later partially rebuilt but was abandoned by the 16th
century. The ruins are included in a regional UNESCO World Heritage site
 designated in 2004.
For more information on Karakorum, visit Britannica.com. Britannica Concise
 Encyclopedia. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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Karakorum
a ruined city in Mongolia: founded in 1220 by Ghenghis Khan; destroyed
 by Kublai Khan when his brother rebelled against him, after Kublai Khan
 had moved his capital to Peking (now Beijing)
Collins Discovery Encyclopedia, 1st edition © HarperCollins Publishers 2005
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Warning! The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979)
. It might be outdated or ideologically biased.
Karakorum
(Mongolian, Khara-Khorin), capital of the ancient Mongolian empire.
Founded by Genghis Khan in 1220, the city existed until the 16th century.
Its ruins are located on the upper Orkhon River. Information about Karakorum
 is contained in Chinese chronicles and the notes of the 13th-century European
 travelers Giovanni de Piano Carpini, Marco Polo, and Guillaume Rubruquis.
The Russian scholar N. M. Iadrintsev investigated the ruins of Karakorum in the late
19th century. By analyzing historical sources, A. M. Pozdneev confirmed the city’s
location at the Buddhist monastery of Erdeni Dzuu (built in 1585 in the southern part
of Karakorum). In 1948–49 a joint Soviet-Mongolian expedition, under the direction
of S. V. Kiselev, conducted excavations at Karakorum. The remains of the palace
of Ugedei, which was built on a granite foundation, were discovered in the southwestern
part of the city. The remains of a Buddhist shrine with wall paintings, dating from the
 late 12th century or early 13th century, were discovered. The trade and artisan quarter
s and other objects were investigated in the central part of the city. Plowed fields
irrigated by canals were located to the east of the city.

REFERENCES

Atlas drevnostei Mongolii, fasc. 1. St. Petersburg, 1899.
Pozdneev, A. Mongoliia i mongoly, vols. 1–2. St. Petersburg, 1896–98.
Iadrintsev, N. M. “Puteshestvie na verkhov’ia Orkhona k razvalinam
Karakoruma.” Izvestiia russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 1890,
 vol. 26, issue 4.
Drevnemongol’skie goroda. Moscow, 1965.
L. A. EVTIUKHOVA
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010
The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
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